Growing up in Spain: The New Second Generation Supported by a grant from the Spencer Foundation, this project replicates the first survey of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) on the basis of representative samples of second generation students in the Madrid and Barcelona metropolitan areas. A research team, based at the University of Comillas in Madrid, is conducting the study on the basis of a sample of randomly selected schools in both areas. Results from CILS, translated and published in the Spanish journals Migraciones and Revista Espanola de Estudios Sociologicas provide theoretical and empirical background for the study. Immigration and the Health System Supported by a Senior Investigator Award from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, this study examines the confrontation between rapidly-increasing immigration and the American health system. Empirically, the study is based on detailed studies of forty-five health institutions in three regions: the metropolitan areas of Miami and San Diego, and the Trenton-New Brunswick corridor in New Jersey. Organizations and the Political Incorporation of Immigrants in the United States This project was supported by two successive grants from the from the Russell Sage Foundation. This is a survey of the largest and most representative transnational organizations created by Colombian, Dominican, and Mexican immigrants in the U.S. East Coast. Leaders of over 220 organizations were interviewed for the study. The focus of the study was on characteristics of the organizations, their activities in the U.S. and abroad, and their contributions to local and national development in sending countries. Results dealing with effects of immigrant organizations on political and civic incorporation in the U.S. are forthcoming in Ethnic and Racial Studies and in a report written for the Pew Research Center. Institutions and Development in Latin America:  A Comparative Study Supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, this project is conducting detailed studies of five selected institutions in five Latin American countries. National teams have been organized in each country to carry out year-long investigations with an identical methodology. Early results of the project have appeared in Populations and Development Review and more recent ones are forthcoming in Studies in Comparative and International Development. Success-out-of-Disadvantage among Children of Immigrants (completed) With support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, CMD conducted an extension of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study, labeled CILS-IV. It is focused on the small sub-sample of respondents which grew up in conditions of severe disadvantage, as established in the first CILS survey in 1992-93, but who ten years later had managed to graduate from 4-year college and enter a professional career or graduate school. These respondents were located and interviewed in-depth, along with their parents and spouses/partners, yielding uniquely valuable information on the forces enabling disadvantaged immigrant youths to escape their situation and achieve upward mobility. A report has been completed based on results for this study and is available here. Transnational Organizations and Community Development (completed) The Center conducted an 18-month long study of transnational immigrant organizations created by Colombian, Dominican, and Mexican immigrants in East Coast cities.  An inventory of transnational organizations created by each immigrant group was developed and a sample of representative associations were selected for intensive study, including visits to the respective home countries.  The study was supported by grants from the MacArthur Foundation and Princeton's Institute for International and Regional Studies.  Final results are published in a forthcoming article in the International Migration Review (2007) and in Migraciones y Desarrollo (Mexico) . Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study  (CILS) (completed) CILS is a longitudinal study designed to examine the adaptation process of the immigrant second generation, defined as U.S.-born children with at least one foreign-born parent or children born abroad but brought at an early age to the United States.  The original survey was conducted with large samples of second-generation children attending the 8th and 9th grades in public and private schools in the metropolitan areas of Miami/Ft. Lauderdale in Florida and San Diego, California.  A second survey was conducted by the time of high school graduation in 1995-96, and a third by the time respondents averaged 24 years of age in 2002-03.  Results of this longitudinal study have appeared in a number of publications, including Legacies:  The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation and its companion volume, Ethnicities:  Children of Immigrants in America (University of California Press 2001).  A special issue of Ethnic and Racial Studies (November 2005), The New Second Generation in Early Adulthood, edited by CILS co-directors Alejandro Portes and Ruben Rumbaut, presents results from the final survey. These results are also synthesized in a chapter in Portes and Rumbaut, Immigrant America, 3rd edition, published in 2006. The full data set including the three longitudinal surveys of children of immigrants and a parental survey have been placed in the public domain through CMD's data archive. The Comparative Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project (CIEP) (completed) The first quantitative survey on the topic of immigrant transnational activities, CIEP was successfully completed with a set of articles published in the American Sociological Review (Portes, Haller, and Guarnizo, April 2002): American Journal of Sociology (Guarnizo, Portes, and Haller (May 2003)); International Migration Review (Itzigsohn and Saucedo, Winter 2002;Portes, Fall 2003; Portes and DeWind, Fall 2004); and Global Networks (Landolt, July 2001).  The project also conducted seminars in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and San Salvador, El Salvador to disseminate results of the study among academics and policy-makers from sending countries.  The full CIEP data set has been placed in the public domain and is available through CMD data archive. Latin American Urbanization at the End of the Twentieth Century (completed) In cooperation with the Population Research Center of the University of Texas-Austin and with support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, CMD conducted a study of the urbanization of Latin American cities during the last two decades of the twentieth century, coinciding with the implementation of "neoliberal" adjustment programs throughout the region. The study was conducted by local research teams in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. Two conferences brought together all investigators to refine a common methodology and evaluate results. A book with individual country reports and two synthetic chapters, Ciudades Latinoamericanas, was published by Prometeo Editores in Buenos Aires in 2005. The synthetic papers were also published in English in Studies in Comparative and International Development (Portes and Roberts, 2005) and Latin American Research Review (Roberts and Portes, 2006).