The New Second Generation in Spain Supported by a grant from the Spencer Foundation, the Center has replicated the first phase of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) on the basis of representative samples of second generation secondary school students in the metropolitan areas of Madrid and Barcelona. The principal aim of the study is to test the segmented assimilation model of second generation adaptation and to extend it and modify it according to the evidence. Results of the project will have a significant policy impact because of the representativeness of the surveys and the need of Spanish educational authorities for reliable information on which to base effective measures toward a rising foreign-origin population. Translated articles based on CILS have been published in Spain in Migraciones and the Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas. They provide a suitable framework for the study. A stratified random sample of almost 7,000 second generation youths, average age 14, were contacted and interviewed in 176 public and private schools in Madrid and Barcelona. This is the largest, statistically representative sample of the second generation ever conducted in Europe. Preliminary results from the Madrid sample were presented at a press conference in early March and received wide coverage by the Spanish media. The study is currently in its data analysis phase and initial publications are expected to appear in fall 2009. Data from the study, known as ILSEG (its Spanish acronym), will be placed in the public domain in 2010. Immigration and the American Health System (HIS) With support from a Senior Investigator Award to the Center's director, CMD has conducted an institutional study of the American health system as it deals with the needs and problems posed by a rising immigrant population. The study is empirically based on in-depth interviews and field observation of hospital, clinics, and other medical institutions in three research sites: South Florida, Southern California, and central New Jersey. Teams of investigators in each site have supplemented interviews with professional administrators with additional ones with clinical personnel, leaders of immigrant organizations, and focus groups with former patients. The project collected detailed information on forty health care institutions in the three target sites, plus additional data from immigrant organizations and patient focus groups. Preliminary results of the study have been accepted for publication and will appear in Sociological Forum in fall 2009. The HIS project will culminate in a conference, What Is Ailing U.S.?, to be held at Princeton on May 14-16, 2009. It will bring together academic researchers with hospital managers, clinic directors, and physicians of the institutions included in this comparative study of the U.S. health system. The purpose is to examine systematically the challenges encountered by immigrants in accessing the American health system, the coping strategies that they use to deal with the present situation, and the best course of reform for the future. A volume of conference proceedings is planned for 2010. Latin American Institutions and Development:  A Comparative Study With support from the National Science Foundation, CMD has conducted a comparative study of institutions in five Latin American countries. Teams of investigators in each country carried out intensive studies of the same five state and private agencies with the same methodology. The aim was to establish the extent to which real organizations conform to their original institutional blueprints and the extent to which they make a significant contribution to economic and social development. A series of hypotheses on determinants of these two outcomes are being examined comparatively. The theoretical framework for this study, including a definition of institutions, was published in Population and Development Review and in Spanish in Desarrollo Economico (Argentina) and Cuadernos Economia (Colombia). Results from the first phase of the study, including nine institutions in three countries, have been published in Studies in Comparative International Development and, in Spanish, in Instituciones y Desarrollo (Siglo XXI Editores, 2009). A conference held in Santo Domingo in August 2003 brought together authors of the twenty-three completed institutional studies to discuss their findings and their policy implications. A synthetic article bearing final results of the study has been recently submitted for publication. Transnational Organizations and the Political Incorporation of Immigrants in the United States This study was supported by two successive grants from the Russell Sage Foundation. It examined the views of leaders of immigrant organizations toward citizenship acquisition and political participation in the United States as well as the actual activities of these organizations in civic life and politics, both in the United States and abroad. Results of both phases of the study have been published in the International Migration Review (2007); Ethnic and Racial Studies (2008); and the Journal of International Comparative Sociology (2009). A conference on Latin Organizations and Immigrant Political Incorporation based on results from the study is planned for fall 2009. Success-out-of-Disadvantage in the Second Generation (completed) This project was supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, focusing on disadvantaged children of immigrants that managed to overcome multiple external barriers to graduate from college in early adulthood. The study took advantage of successive surveys from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) to identify this exceptional sample. A conference held at Princeton in May 2007 provided a framework to present and discuss results of this last phase of the CILS study. It brought together specialists in the field with respondents from this sample. Results were published in a special issue of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences Vol. 620, November 2008. The lead article, "No Margin for Error," by Portes and Fernandez-Kelly, summarizes results of the CILS project. It is followed by eleven research articles by leading investigators focused on the topic of exceptional outcomes in the second generation. Transnational Organizations and Community Development (completed) The Center conducted an 18-month long study of transnational immigrant organizations created by Colombian, Dominican, and Mexican immigrants in East Coast cities.  An inventory of transnational organizations created by each immigrant group was developed and a sample of representative associations were selected for intensive study, including visits to the respective home countries.  The study was supported by grants from the MacArthur Foundation and Princeton's Institute for International and Regional Studies.  Final results were published in articles in the International Migration Review (Spring 2007) and Migraciones y Desarrollo (Mexico, 2006). Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study  (CILS) (completed) CILS is a longitudinal study designed to examine the adaptation process of the immigrant second generation, defined as U.S.-born children with at least one foreign-born parent or children born abroad but brought at an early age to the United States.  The original survey was conducted with large samples of second-generation children attending the 8th and 9th grades in public and private schools in the metropolitan areas of Miami/Ft. Lauderdale in Florida and San Diego, California.  A second survey was conducted by the time of high school graduation in 1995-96, and a third by the time respondents averaged 24 years of age in 2002-03.  Results of this longitudinal study have appeared in a number of publications, including Legacies:  The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation and its companion volume, Ethnicities:  Children of Immigrants in America (University of California Press 2001).  A special issue of Ethnic and Racial Studies (November 2005), The New Second Generation in Early Adulthood, edited by CILS co-directors Alejandro Portes and Ruben Rumbaut, presents results from the final survey. These results are also synthesized in a chapter in Portes and Rumbaut, Immigrant America, 3rd edition, published in 2006. The full data set including the three longitudinal surveys of children of immigrants and a parental survey have been placed in the public domain through CMD's data archive. The Comparative Immigrant Entrepreneurship Project (CIEP) (completed) The first quantitative survey on the topic of immigrant transnational activities, CIEP was successfully completed with a series of articles published in the American Sociological Review (Portes, Haller, and Guarnizo, April 2002): American Journal of Sociology (Guarnizo, Portes, and Haller (May 2003)); International Migration Review (Itzigsohn and Saucedo, Winter 2002;Portes, Fall 2003; Portes and DeWind, Fall 2004); and Global Networks (Landolt, July 2001).  The project also conducted seminars in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic and San Salvador, El Salvador to disseminate results of the study among academics and policy-makers from sending countries.  The full CIEP data set has been placed in the public domain and is available through CMD data archive. A volume of translated essays, based on CIEP data, was published in Mexico City, titled La Globalizacion desde Abajo (Globalization from Below), Porrua Editores 2003. Latin American Urbanization at the End of the Twentieth Century (completed) In cooperation with the Population Research Center of the University of Texas-Austin and with support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, CMD conducted a study of the urbanization of Latin American cities during the last two decades of the twentieth century, coinciding with the implementation of "neoliberal" adjustment programs throughout the region. The study was conducted by local research teams in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay. Two conferences brought together all investigators to refine a common methodology and evaluate results. A book with individual country reports and two synthetic chapters, Ciudades Latinoamericanas, was published by Prometeo Editores in Buenos Aires in 2005. It was republished under the same title by Porrua Editores in Mexico City (2008). The synthetic papers were also published in English in Studies in Comparative and International Development (Portes and Roberts, 2005) and Latin American Research Review (Roberts and Portes, 2006). For ongoing information about these projects, see here.